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 Russia's war against Ukraine has had a catastrophic effect on civilian life since its full-scale invasion in 2022, killing thousands of people, injuring many thousands more, and demolishing infrastructure and property owned by civilians. Numerous breaches of international humanitarian law were carried out by Russian forces, including the disproportionate and indiscriminate bombing and shelling of civilian areas, which targeted residential areas as well as medical and educational facilities. Investigating some of these attacks as war crimes is warranted. Russian or Russian-affiliated forces appear to have perpetrated war crimes in the territories they seized, including summary executions, torture, sexual assault, and forcible thefts and vanishments of cultural assets.  Many barriers and horrifying experiences awaited those who tried to escape conflict zones; in certain instances, Russian soldiers forcefully relocated a sizable number of Ukrainians to Russia or areas of Ukraine unde